Canada only starts to understand width of its minerals

Canada only starts to understand width of its minerals. The most speaking gold mines [190] that of Klondike area, degree
Which is still doubtful. Much more definitely known and almost as productive gold mines of British Columbia and recently found out gold mines of Rainy River area in northern Ontario. More important than gold mines of Canada its coal fields. They are mainly in Nova Scotia and British Columbia. Last area is intended to be area delivering coal for the whole Pacific coast of the North America. Annual production makes now approximately 1 000 000 tons; annual production of Nova Scotia makes approximately 2 000 000 tons mainly made by the American capital. In Albert there as speak, the coal fields having area of 65 000 square miles. Iron is found much both in British Columbia and in Ontario. Ontario have in its nickel mines of Sudbury the mineral treasure which has been not found in other place in equal abundance in the world. Experts have estimated, that 650 000 000 tons of this ore actually in sight. Ontario makes oil and salt. Silver, copper, leadership, asbestos, plumbago, mica, etc., is found in variable quantities. Canada imports annually from value almost for 10 000 000$ the United States of coal and coke.
FISHERY OF CANADA

At means of the clearing houses located in the centres of money and cooperation between banks in

At means of the clearing houses located in the centres of money and cooperation between banks in remote points, transfer of credits between business men has defined a site somewhere in the United States, or in this respect in the world, became rather simple question. If not the agency of this system for the big city could not be made business of unique day. All actual money in all banks and shops and safes and pockets of New York would fall today far short if is used to pay today"s transactions. It is considered, that cash transactions of unique day in fifty times more than the actual cash passing to other owner in one day. So that the big most part of business of the country, both cash and the credit, have been made on system [250]
From the credit passes made possible completely at means of our bank system.
FOOTNOTE:

France by the nature - one of most very exclusive countries in the world

France by the nature - one of most very exclusive countries in the world. Its climate is affable. Its temperature is so various, that almost each vegetable, grain or the fruit necessary for a daily bread of the person, can be lifted within its borders. Its soil though not surprisingly fertile, nevertheless crops many such products as approach for this purpose. Its minerals, especially in coal, gland, leadership, marble, and salt, are very considerable. Its area is compact. Its services for foreign trade are unsurpassed. It is between these two weights of water - Atlantic and the Mediterranean - the biggest trading value in the world. And its people, especially those in rural parts, are exclusively modest and hardworking. But France as the nation has not made progresses in the world for which call its natural advantages. It was with expensive both changeable governments and bloody wars. Its higher estates, natural leaders of its people, excessively love pleasure and military glory, and to energy of the nation have been very incorrectly directed. As consequence, despite its natural advantages, France loses the basis [95] among the world nations. Its public debt makes almost 7,000,000,000$, the greatest public debt
Known in history, being per capita seventeen and one half of times, so big as that from Germany, six times bigger than those from the United States, and is much more than one and one half of times so big as that from the Great Britain. But, that more serious consequence has, survivability of its people seems exhausted. For many years the annual number of births in France while the annual number of deadly cases more or less increased steadily decreased. On the most part of the country the number of deadly cases annually exceeds number of births. In numerous years it so for the whole country. The birth rate factor is the lowest in Europe. A death rate indicator, while not the highest, nevertheless above than in many other things the countries. As consequence of all that the population of France is almost constant. Within last seventy years it has increased only 18 percent. While that from the Great Britain has increased 63 percent., Germany of 75 percent., Russia of 92 percent. And Europe as a whole 62 percent. And even this increase, small as it, occurs substantially because of immigration from other countries. And thus emigration of Frenchmen not to their colonies or to other countries which will be are considered a sufficient explanation. Frenchmen to emigration. Now the number of the Frenchmen living abroad, is only little bit more than a half-million while from the foreigners living in France, the number far does not require and a quarter one million.
France compared in size with States of Illinois and Texas.
[96]
FRENCHMEN ECONOMICAL, MODEST PEOPLE

Almost all banks hold money for the deposit in other banks in the big commercial centres for

Almost all banks hold money for the deposit in other banks in the big commercial centres for example, in New York or Chicago. They name these banks their New York or Chicago correspondents. The bank account - simply check of bank which is catching up it the deposit with some other bank. (See an illustration, p. 245). Banks sell these checks to their clients, and dealers do big use of them in creation of remittances from one part of the country to another. These projects or checks of cashiers as they [247] are sometimes named, pass as cash somewhere within limits distances of the centre of money on which they
The delayed.
BILLS

At the senior savings banks, especially those in Eastern States, are not present any fixed capital

At the senior savings banks, especially those in Eastern States, are not present any fixed capital. That is they are mutual in the form of the organisation. Their capital - the saved up deposits of a considerable quantity of people. Investors - owners. When taxes and other expenses are paid, and the appropriate stock is postponed, the remaining profit is included into the form of interest for investors. Many of savings banks in the western states are used for the benefit as other financial institutions, and at Pacific coast at them are a fixed capital or its equivalent in the form of spare fund in which the majority of investors are not interested differently than, how much it gives safety for their deposits.

The commercial project has close similarity to the letter from one person to other requirement that

The commercial project has close similarity to the letter from one person to other requirement that a certain sum of money to be paid to the person who calls, or to bank or firm for which it operates. For example, the project shown on the first illustration, could be formulated something as it: [27]

France has one element of the stability, one feature inducive thrift which the majority of other

France has one element of the stability, one feature inducive thrift which the majority of other countries of Europe lacks. In the majority of other European countries the earth is spent by few owners. It is spent to France by many. To the Great Britain and Ireland, for example, the earth which is devoted agriculture, is spent only 19 000 owners. It is spent to France of 3 500 000 owners. There are also 3 500 000 district farms in France, though only sixty percent. From the agricultural ground area of the country it is grown up by owners. It follows from this, that the agriculture has in France a power over attachments and a personal interest of people which it has no in any other country in the world. Approximately forty two percent. From the general number of the population of the country, capable to work, are used in agricultural prosecution. The agriculture, therefore, is one of the most important industries of France. One fifth the full income of its people is made in agriculture. It is impossible to tell, however, that the agriculture in France is pursued so successfully as it is in some other countries - in the Great Britain, for example. France, with sometimes exception of Russia, is the greatest manufacturer of wheat of all nations of Europe, but its manufacture of grain in an acre - is no more than four seventh that from the Great Britain while its manufacture of grain in hand agriculture is only two thirds that from the Great Britain. But the most part of agricultural effort of France is devoted such industries as the poultry can be continued in small farms or potato lifting , for example, and lifting of fruit and ', lifting it' a full product of money in an acre in France [99] are not far except that it is in the Great Britain. That is, while the agriculture more with advantage is continued in Big
The Great Britain than in France, it proportionally supports number of people in France than in the Great Britain.
WATERWAYS OF FRANCE AND RAILWAYS

[7]

The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted
[7]
The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted. The roguish receiver could, for example write, 'ninety' before 'six' and '9' before number '6', and thus to lift the check from 6$ to 96$. If it has been made, and the check on money the manufacturer, instead of the bank, would become responsible for loss. You cannot consider other people responsible for your own negligence. The check has been lifted from 100$ to 190$ by the letter of words 'and ninety' after words 'hundred.' One of code numbers in numbers has been changed on '9', adding a tail to it. Wisely to pull a running line, thus ~~~~~~, after quantity in words, thus preventing any additional letter.
Badly delayed check.

It - very much the general thing to collect the remote accounts by means of commercial projects

It - very much the general thing to collect the remote accounts by means of commercial projects. The debtor more possibly to that is, met to pay-a the project, than he should answer the letter and put the check. It really is more convenient, and it is more safe, also, as is a few risk in a parcel of personal checks through mail. There are some buildings which do all their payments by checks while there are others which prefer to have their creditors on distance, involve them for the sums in reception.

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly

The basic export of China - tea and silk, the tea making approximately one third and silk (mainly crude silk) completely one half of its full export trade. Other basic export - sugar, a straw lace (one twentieth its full export), disappears, a paper, china, and pottery. Its basic import - and the cotton goods, the opium making one fifth, and the cotton goods much more than half, its full trade in import. Other basic import - the woollen goods, the metal goods and cars, coal, and kerosene oil. Considerable import also is made of a crude clap. But if China only had a blessing of the educated and progressive government this arrangement of export and import long would not proceed. Resources of China of coal among the finest and it is final among the greatest in the whole world. Its coal fields, really as is estimated, are in twenty times bigger than that of all incorporated Europe. The most part of this coal, also, has the purest quality, and its most part very accessible to the miner. And about its coal fields extensive deposits of some of the richest iron ores in the world. Again, the most part of soil of China is extremely fertile. There are really two areas, one of '' and another, very much [143] are more extensive, 'yellow soil,' it among the most fertile in the world. It - because of degree and abundance of yellow soil of China it
'Yellow' imperial colour, and the emperor named 'the yellow lord.' Climate, also, the Chinese admissions almost whole range of useful vegetative products which will be lifted. Clap growth is already very big because for a clap of seven centuries there was a basic fabric for clothes of people. And already it is made by modern cars. But also growth of a clap and its manufacturing by modern methods would be extremely increased, if only services for internal transportation existed, and freedom from the unfair taxation could be provided. If, to put it briefly, China only had railways both the good and educated system of the government its advancement and prosperity soon would make the Western world envious. But its government is not only silly improgressive, it also is fatally prodigal. Approximately seventy percent. From the whole income of the country it is lost to public use through evil deed of officials. And only approximately 85 miles of the railway were for the present open, though it is necessary to tell, that 200 or 250 miles are in work more.
POSSIBILITIES OF THE INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH PORCELAIN

There the class of financial institutions which take some kind of the second plan between

There the class of financial institutions which take some kind of the second plan between commercial bank and savings bank has grown in this country, how much their service to the public is interested. They - that is known as to the company. National banks are forbidden according to the law from creation of loans on real estate and though the State Banks are not insured thus as a good banking they usually avoid loans of this character. The policy of commercial banks should make many rather small loans for a paper of the reduced working day while that from the companies should make the big loans for old [224] securities. Deposits the companies consist substantially of the serene sums what could be bypassed managers, executors, trustees,
Committees, societies, or from private conditions. They - what hardly will fluctuate very much in quantity. From the nature of their trust of deposits of the company find it convenient and favourable to make the big loans and in longer periods, than do usual banks. the companies not only receive the sums of money for the deposit which is subject to the check and for savings, and lend money for the bill and other securities, also, as well as commercial banks; but they also operate as agents, trustees, executors, managers, representatives, receivers for individual properties, and corporations. They often help as patrons or reorganizers of corporations and with sale of stocks, bonds, and securities. They operate also as agents for payment of the obligations which are becoming ripe in the future dates, such as awards on insurance, interest on and bonds, etc. the companies are organised according to state laws in which they exist and are usually subject to all supervision demanded in case of the State Banks.
[225]
III. CORPORATIONS AND THE JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES [9]
CORPORATIONS

Guaranteed Stock

Guaranteed Stock. The guaranteed stock differs from preference shares in it is that it is called on the guaranteed dividend (interest) before all other classes of a stock, whether the company earns necessary quantity in any year or not. This right is transferred from year to year, thus giving the actions absolutely provided to interest.

Banks are absolutely necessary for success of the modern commercial enterprises

Banks are absolutely necessary for success of the modern commercial enterprises. They provide a place for safety of money and securities, and they do the payment of invoices much more convenient than if the currency instead of checks was more substantially is used. But the big advantage of banking establishment to the businessman - possibility which it gives it money, maintenance of cash for continuation of its business while its own capital is locked in the goods or in hands of its debtors. Other important advantage should be found in the services given by banks of a collection of checks, notes, and projects.
VI. BANK ACCOUNTS

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars which the person has in the pocket, whether it is in the street, at its office, or its own home. To us remind, that " the riches take to itself wings and that " thieves break and steal. " No savings bank can hold money near at hand or bring them or lend them with absolute safety. All rather. It is feature of money, that each dollar demands supervision; the general supervision is not enough; hence happens so, that safety of monetary establishments depends on ability and honesty of those in the control, instead of on adherence to any rules. Any arch corrected cannot be accepted, which will connect dishonest men, it will give indemnification in the absence of experience and ability of the fair.

The privilege

The privilege. The privilege - the right given by the state to people or corporations. The privilege of the company of the railway - the right to operate its road. Such privilege has a value which is completely distinct from value of factory or the usual property of corporation.

Though terms закладов to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented

Though terms to corporation are similar to those on real estate what is presented by apartment houses, commercial conditions do its inconvenient or impossible to exclude and sell such properties. To stop all business of the railway or to close work of the company of a manufacturing industry not only would lead to a public wound, but will reduce substantially value of acquisition of the property. To overcome this difficulty where the active anxiety is financially confused, the court appoints the receiver who is responsible for appropriate behaviour of business before satisfactory reorganisation, or sale is reached.

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines. Diamonds are found mainly in Griqualand, to the north from the Orange River, now a part of the Colony of Cape, but they also are found in Orange Free State. Diamond areas are very limited, 'pipes' which as assume, were craters of extinct volcanoes. Basic 'pipes' in Kimberley (28 718), in Griqualand. They make the richest diamond areas in the world. It is considered, that value for more than 350 000 000$ diamonds has been taken out from Kimberley since their first opening there in 1867. The greatest South African diamond nevertheless found, cost 300 000$, but many other big have been found. Annual diamond export makes now approximately 20 000 000$. For 1896 export made 23 200 000$; on 1897 it is little bit less. Manufacture and export are strictly limited, so that the prices, probably, did not depreciate. Then in interest for diamond areas gold mines. They while have been found mainly in the south of [164] African republic, or
'Transvaal' as it usually name, in '', or 'reef', about the known city of Iogannesburga (102 078). As gold at first was revealed in (1871), value for 250 000 000$ has been taken out. Annual development makes now almost 50 000 000$, but it is considered, that before can be settled, value for 2,250,000,000$ gold should be - quantity, it is much more than a full public debt of the United States, national, the state, and municipal. But to the north from , in , especially in Mashonaland, the territory usually named 'Earth Ophir,' where extracting operations are just begun, but where gold as it is supposed, it is even more richly kept than in . From this area recently constructed city of Salisbury - the centre. Other mineral products of Southern Africa - coal in , extracted in Newcastle, and copper in the northwest of the Colony of the Cape sent in Port Nolloth.
FOREIGN TRADE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds

The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds. The big proportion of it from clients of the borrower who have expanded their credit, paying in their account in notes instead of in cash. Such paper really though having two names, it is little bit better than [51] paper of the unique name as it not the manufacturer
The credit, but the addressee of payment who usually considers bank. Many very small notes offered for the discount usually, specify very requiring condition.

When the country borrows money, it gives a guarantee, that money will be returned during specific

When the country borrows money, it gives a guarantee, that money will be returned during specific time and that interest will be paid in regular intervals on motionless norm. This guarantee name the obligation. In actual practice instead of borrowing demanded money and then giving bonds for its returning, the countries usually let out bonds at first, and sell to their person offering the highest price. For example, if our government should borrow 1 000 000$, it would let out bonds for this quantity, declaring definitely percent which will be paid, and would call for offers. If the percent made four percent. And the buyer has paid more than 1000$ for the obligation for 1000$, it, of course, will make less than four percent. On its investment. Such bonds are absolutely safe and always market because of our strong financial position among the world nations. Similar bonds are let out by the states, cities, cities, school districts, etc. They not in usual sense, and their value consists completely in ability letting out through its tax power to meet the suffered obligations. Municipal bonds are let out by cities and other municipalities to lift money for local improvements.
[264]
BONDS AND CERTIFICATES ON THE STOCK

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual practice to let out tools of the credit named bonds. The obligation means something, that connects. Bonds have the same relation to resources of corporation by which do to real estate.

Usual tools of the credit by means of which travellers abroad catch up with the deposits of the

Usual tools of the credit by means of which travellers abroad catch up with the deposits of the house, are known as circular letters of the credit. These forms of the credit have such usual use, that all should be familiar with their form. We reproduce here the facsimile of [39] first and second pages a
The circular letter for? 1000, copied from little change of names from the actual tool. The first page shows to the credit the appropriate commission of various correspondents of bank, letting out it to pay to the holder which signature is given on her face, money up to? 1000. Names of banks which are authorised to advance money after the letter, are usually printed on the third and fourth pages though the letters which have been let out by known bank buildings, usually admit any bank building to which they are presented.

The paper can be classified with a view of the discount as follows:

The bills made by consignors on buildings to which the goods are sent
The paper can be classified with a view of the discount as follows:
The bills made by consignors on buildings to which the goods are sent.
The bills made by importers against consumer goods, have placed in hands of brokers for sale.
The accounts resulting from our various branches and industries.
Projects with waybills were .
the personnel of presence of a paper.
The paper is provided by property pledge.
Paper with one name.
XV. CORPORATIONS

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire. Though it is located on a hand of delta of Ganges, eighty miles in the country, Calcutta - huge seaport, but its seaworthy privileges can be supported only great machine-building factory, because of the silt, which Ganges constantly reduces and brings in aside exhausting channels. Calcutta possesses almost monopoly of the whole trade of valleys of Ganges and , and to a building of Suez canal, at it was almost monopoly of trade directed outside of the whole peninsula of Hindustan. Its full trade is even nevertheless very big, incorporating for and internal business directed outside together approximately 700 000 000$ in a year, the sum which can be appreciated from the fact, that it about equal to full trade in import of all United States. Bombay (822 000), the second city of the Indian Empire, owe the popularity to three things: (1) opening of Suez canal which has made it port of India the closest England; (2) start of the industry growing up a clap in India, owing to the American civil war (a growing up clap the area of India is adjacent with Bombay); and (3) development of railway system of India which does Bombay, instead of Calcutta a natural ocean exit for trade [138] country. Madras (453 000), the third city
India, also the third seaport. But it does not have any natural harbour, and its coast is broken by a surf and within many months together exposed full fury of northeast monsoons. The artificial harbour, however, has been recently constructed. Besides cities, aforementioned, there is one (Hyderabad) with the population more than 400 000; there are two (Lucknow and Benares) with the population more than 150 000 everyone, and eleven more with the population more than 100 000 everyone. There is besides forty seven cities with the population more than 50 000 everyone, and more than one thousand cities with the population approximately 10 000 everyone.
[139]
VII. TRADING FEATURES OF PORCELAIN
IMMENSITY OF AREA OF PORCELAIN AND THE POPULATION

Notice illustrations

Notice illustrations. The notice of the protest to the left of Number 1, 2, and 4 is intended for the bank representing the project for payment. The reason for this purpose will be completely explained in our lesson on a paper to which object. (See XIII.), Number 2 shows the approved project which is subject to payment to the order of bank in a city on which it is delayed. Number 1 is subject to payment to the bank order in a box city. Number 3 is the project of the kind which is subject to payment to the order of bank and accepted subject payment in bank. Number 4 is the urgent bill of exchange which is subject to payment to 'to us is direct' - that is, the Metallurgical company of Pennsylvania.

Note

Note. Following questions are given for the purpose of instructions to the student a knowledge kind, it should be captured after it has made cautious research of papers of a course. To the student recommend to write out carefully answers to questions which set. Only such answers should be undertaken as can be made of cautious research of papers.
THE FIRST PART
The Great Britain. Make so full report as you can the reasons which have made London a great commercial centre of the world.
The Great Britain. England as speak, is 'a beehive commercial and a manufacturing industry.' Result the reasons for this statement and also show, how England became such.
The Great Britain. (a) describe foreign trade of the Great Britain. (b) describe the steps made Liverpool, Manchester, and Glasgow to improve their natural services for foreign trade.
France. (a) describe conditions which (1) promote to, and (2) interfere, that France was [211] great commercial nation. (b) give
The account distinctive France.
Germany. (a) do the report on what Germany has reached in a technical education. (b) compare Germany and France as the commercial nations. (c) give a summary of foreign trade of Germany.
Spain and Italy. (a), why Spain, Italy, and Turkey sometimes named 'three decadent nations of Europe'? (b) Do some report on foreign trade of Spain. (c) do the report on conditions which interfere with prosperity of Italy as to the foreign trade country-participant.
Russia. (a) describe a social condition of the Russian people. (b), what 'artels' of Russia? (c) describe export trade of Russia.
India. (a) describe present conditions India. (b) give a summary of trade of India - (1) external, (2) internal.
China. (a) do the report on the size of China, the population, and trading resources. (b) do the report on existing foreign trade of China. (c) do the report on trading possibilities of China, and display, how the increase in foreign trade of China most possibly at first to occur.
Japan. (a) describe transformation which has been testified recently in the Japanese nation. (b) describe manufacturing of Japan. (c) display that respects increase in foreign trade of Japan, is possible now.
THE SECOND PART
Africa. (a) describe 'division of Africa.' (b) describe in more details property of the Great Britain in Africa. (c) describe mineral riches of Southern Africa.
Australia. (a) describe 'features' of Australia. [212] (b) list political divisions of Australia, and for everyone describe short (1) its climate,
(2) its resources and trade.
The South America. (a) describe a social and political condition of the various people of the South America. (b) describe agricultural resources and export trade of Argentina. (c) describe (1) resources, and (2) export and import trade, Brazil.
Canada. (a) describe resources of Canada (1) in wood riches, (2) in minerals, (3) in fishery. (b) describe agricultural trade of Canada. (c) describe trade of Canada with the United States.
The United States. (a) describe export trade of the United States. (b) compare our export trade to that from the Great Britain. (c) compare our trade in import to that from the Great Britain.
The United States. (a) describe our cotton manufacture and our cotton export trade. (b) describe short our export trade in 'grains'. (c) Describe short our export trade in 'conditions' and 'animals'.

By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends

By the goods its value estimated in money, or the sum of money for which it will exchange intends. Replaceable value of consumer goods depends in any given period partially on the expense of manufacture and partially on the supply and demand relation. The prices are mentioned by creation of monopolies, opening of the new markets, difficulty of usual channels of commercial relations, and expectation of these and other reasons. It is business of the dealer to acquaint itself with each circumstance mentioning the prices of the goods in which it deals.

If you wish to pull money from your own account, the most approved form of the check is written

If you wish to pull money from your own account, the most approved form of the check is written 'the Payment to the order of cash.' It differs from the check, delayed to 'bearer'. The paying cashier expects you to see direct or someone known to it as your representative when you write 'cash'. If you write 'the Payment to the order (your own name) that', you will be obliged to confirm your own check before you could exchange it for money. If you wish to pull the check to pay, the note write 'the Payment to the order of accounts for payment.' If you wish to write, that the check to pull money for wages writes 'the Payment to the pay-sheet order.' If you wish to write the check to pay for the project which you buy, write 'the Payment to order N. Project Y. And an exchange,' or regardless of the fact that circumstances can call.
THE CHECK

In an estimation of value of the paper offered for the discount it is necessary to consider

Full own capital of the borrower
In an estimation of value of the paper offered for the discount it is necessary to consider following points:
Full own capital of the borrower.
Character of its business; whether it is speculative or the basic.
The report of the borrower both standing in community and its business habits.
Whether it is in the enterprise abreast with modern ideas and methods.
Character of the goods belongs to the borrower. What would it sell by auction? The groceries and raw materials can usually turn to cash at compulsory sale with very small discount from the current prices. Not so with hardware, a glass, dry goods, boots and boots, books, etc. Cars and fastenings not a suitable active to the account to base the credit.